First Pass: 
( 5 1 4 2 8 ) –> ( 1 5 4 2 8 ), Here, algorithm compares the first two elements, and swaps since 5 > 1. 
( 1 5 4 2 8 ) –>  ( 1 4 5 2 8 ), Swap since 5 > 4 
( 1 4 5 2 8 ) –>  ( 1 4 2 5 8 ), Swap since 5 > 2 
( 1 4 2 5 8 ) –> ( 1 4 2 5 8 ), Now, since these elements are already in order (8 > 5), algorithm does not swap them.
Second Pass: 
( 1 4 2 5 8 ) –> ( 1 4 2 5 8 ) 
( 1 4 2 5 8 ) –> ( 1 2 4 5 8 ), Swap since 4 > 2 
( 1 2 4 5 8 ) –> ( 1 2 4 5 8 ) 
( 1 2 4 5 8 ) –>  ( 1 2 4 5 8 ) 
Now, the array is already sorted, but our algorithm does not know if it is completed. The algorithm needs one whole pass without any swap to know it is sorted.
Third Pass: 
( 1 2 4 5 8 ) –> ( 1 2 4 5 8 ) 
( 1 2 4 5 8 ) –> ( 1 2 4 5 8 ) 
( 1 2 4 5 8 ) –> ( 1 2 4 5 8 ) 
( 1 2 4 5 8 ) –> ( 1 2 4 5 8 ) 

template<class T>
void Swap(T* p1,T* p2){
    T p3=*p1;
    *p1=*p2;
    *p2=p3;
    return;
}

template<typename T ,int size>
void BubbleSort(T (&t)[size]){
    for(int i=1;i<size;i++){
        for(int ii=0;ii<size-i;ii++){
            if(t[ii]>t[ii+1])
                Swap(t+(ii+1),t+(ii));
        }
    }
}

void insertionSort(int arr[], int n)
{
    int i, key, j;
    for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
    {
        key = arr[i];
        j = i - 1;
        while (j >= 0 && arr[j] > key)
        {
            arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
            j = j - 1;
        }
        arr[j + 1] = key;
    }
}

void merge(int array[], int const left, int const mid, int const right)
{
    auto const subArrayOne = mid - left + 1;
    auto const subArrayTwo = right - mid;

    auto *leftArray = new int[subArrayOne],
         *rightArray = new int[subArrayTwo];

    for (auto i = 0; i < subArrayOne; i++)
        leftArray[i] = array[left + i];
    for (auto j = 0; j < subArrayTwo; j++)
        rightArray[j] = array[mid + 1 + j];
 
    auto indexOfSubArrayOne = 0, 
        indexOfSubArrayTwo = 0; 
    int indexOfMergedArray = left; 
 
    while (indexOfSubArrayOne < subArrayOne && indexOfSubArrayTwo < subArrayTwo) {
        if (leftArray[indexOfSubArrayOne] <= rightArray[indexOfSubArrayTwo]) {
            array[indexOfMergedArray] = leftArray[indexOfSubArrayOne];
            indexOfSubArrayOne++;
        }
        else {
            array[indexOfMergedArray] = rightArray[indexOfSubArrayTwo];
            indexOfSubArrayTwo++;
        }
        indexOfMergedArray++;
    }

    while (indexOfSubArrayOne < subArrayOne) {
        array[indexOfMergedArray] = leftArray[indexOfSubArrayOne];
        indexOfSubArrayOne++;
        indexOfMergedArray++;
    }

    while (indexOfSubArrayTwo < subArrayTwo) {
        array[indexOfMergedArray] = rightArray[indexOfSubArrayTwo];
        indexOfSubArrayTwo++;
        indexOfMergedArray++;
    }
}

void mergeSort(int array[], int const begin, int const end)
{
    if (begin >= end)
        return; 
    auto mid = begin + (end - begin) / 2;
    mergeSort(array, begin, mid);
    mergeSort(array, mid + 1, end);
    merge(array, begin, mid, end);
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

void swap(int* a, int* b)
{
    int t = *a;
    *a = *b;
    *b = t;
}

int partition (int arr[], int low, int high)
{
    int pivot = arr[high]; // pivot
    int i = (low - 1); // Index of smaller element and indicates the right position of pivot found so far
 
    for (int j = low; j <= high - 1; j++)
    {
        if (arr[j] < pivot)
        {
            i++;
            swap(&arr[i], &arr[j]);
        }
    }
    swap(&arr[i + 1], &arr[high]);
    return (i + 1);
}

void quickSort(int arr[], int low, int high)
{
    if (low < high)
    {
        int pi = partition(arr, low, high);
        quickSort(arr, low, pi - 1);
        quickSort(arr, pi + 1, high);
    }
}
 

void countSort(char arr[])
{
    char output[strlen(arr)];
    int count[RANGE + 1], i;
    memset(count, 0, sizeof(count));
    for (i = 0; arr[i]; ++i)
        ++count[arr[i]];
    for (i = 1; i <= RANGE; ++i)
        count[i] += count[i - 1];
    for (i = 0; arr[i]; ++i) {
        output[count[arr[i]] - 1] = arr[i];
        --count[arr[i]];
    }
    for (i = 0; arr[i]; ++i)
        arr[i] = output[i];
}

void countSort(vector<int>& arr)
{
    int max = *max_element(arr.begin(), arr.end());
    int min = *min_element(arr.begin(), arr.end());
    int range = max - min + 1;
 
    vector<int> count(range), output(arr.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < arr.size(); i++)
        count[arr[i] - min]++;
 
    for (int i = 1; i < count.size(); i++)
        count[i] += count[i - 1];
 
    for (int i = arr.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        output[count[arr[i] - min] - 1] = arr[i];
        count[arr[i] - min]--;
    }
 
    for (int i = 0; i < arr.size(); i++)
        arr[i] = output[i];
}